Singular Port-Hamiltonian Systems Beyond Passivity

A new class of AI-powered 'port-Hamiltonian' systems can maintain non-equilibrium steady states, defying the fundamental physics law of passivity. These systems, used in grid-forming controllers for power electronics, use inherent discontinuities in their vector fields to inject the active energy required. When the discontinuity is approximated continuously, the system becomes 'cyclo-dissipative' but still supplies power. This challenges the assumption that such interconnected systems must be globally passive to function.