Inside China’s 15th 5-year plan: AI, fusion and defence drive next frontier

China has released the draft blueprint for its 15th Five-Year Plan, outlining the nation's strategic priorities for the 2026-2030 period. Presented during the annual 'Two Sessions' political meetings, the plan is a direct response to a 'complex and turbulent international environment' and is designed to help China overcome technological chokepoints and solidify its position in the global rivalry, particularly with the United States. The document frames the next five years as critical for building an 'all-front fortress,' preparing for extreme contingencies like external shocks or disruptions to coastal industrial hubs. This involves a continued push to establish strategic backup locations for key industries in China's interior regions.

The plan specifies several technological and defense frontiers. It prioritizes the rapid adoption of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) for intelligent warfare and increased strategic deterrence. A significant focus is placed on achieving stable energy production, with fusion energy highlighted as a pivotal area for development alongside major infrastructure projects like new hydropower dams. Furthermore, the blueprint calls for fortifying border security through new 'strategic backbone corridors' linking regions like Xinjiang and Tibet to the rest of the country. The overarching goal is to ensure self-sufficiency in critical areas like food and energy, thereby reducing vulnerability to external pressure and securing China's long-term technological and geopolitical ambitions.