Buy versus Build an LLM: A Decision Framework for Governments

A new academic framework helps governments decide whether to buy commercial LLMs or build sovereign AI capabilities. It evaluates options across sovereignty, safety, cost, and cultural fit, arguing for a pluralistic strategy. Governments should use commercial models for non-sensitive tasks but pursue greater control for critical applications. The paper details technical requirements and challenges, serving as a key reference for policymakers aligning AI strategy with national needs and societal goals.