A Multi-Bound Robust Optimization Approach for Renewable-Based VPP Market Participation Considering Intra-Hourly Uncertainty Exposure

Researchers have developed a new multi-bound robust optimization AI framework for Renewable-Based Virtual Power Plants (RVPPs). The model improves bidding and scheduling decisions by better handling intra-hourly market uncertainty, including electricity prices and renewable generation. Compared to standard methods, it increased profits by 24.9% to 49.2% in simulations. The study also found switching from hourly to 15-minute market schedules caused energy trade differences of 18.0–34.2%.